Words are divided into different kinds or classes , called Parts of Speech , according to their use ; that is , according to the work they do in a sentence .
The parts of Speech are eight in numbers :-
(1) NOUN :- A Noun is a word used as the name of a person , place , or thing ; as ,
......... Akbar was a great King .
.......... Calcutta is on the Hooghly .
......... The rose smells sweet .
......... His courage won him honour .
(2) ADJECTIVE :- An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun ; as ,
......... He is a brave boy .
.......... There are twenty boys in this class .
(3) PRONOUN :- A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ; as ,
......... John is absent , because he is ill .
.......... The books are where you left them .
(4) VERB :- A Verb is a used to say something about some person , place or thing ; as ,
.............. The girl wrote a letter to her cousin .
.............. Calcutta is a big town .
.............. Iron and copper are useful metals .
(5) ADVERB :- An Adverb is a word to add something to the meaning of a verb , an adjective , or another adverb ; as ,
........... He worked the sum quickly .
........... This flower is very beautiful .
........... She pronounced the word quiet correctly .
(6) PREPOSITION :- A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else ; as ,
............. There is a cow in the garden .
.............. The girl is fond of music .
.............. A fair little girl sat under a tree .
(7) CONJUNCTION :- A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences ; as ,
.......... Rama and Hari are cousins .
.......... I ran fast , but missed the train .
(8) INTERJECTION :- An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling ; as ,
.......... Hurrah ! we have won the game .
........... Alas ! she is dead .
Thus different parts of Speech are used , according to their use in the sentence .
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person , place or thing .
Look at the following sentence :-
........ Asoka was a wise king .
The noun Asoka refers to a particular king , but the noun king might be applied to any king as well as to Asoka .
We call Asoka a 'Proper Noun' , and king a 'Common Noun' .
Similarly:-
Sita is a Proper Noun , while girl is a Common Noun .
Hari is a Proper Noun , while boy is a Common Noun .
The word girl is a Common Noun because it is a name common to all the girls , while Sita is a Proper Noun because it is a name of a particular girl .
A Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of same class or kind. Common here means shared by all .
A Proper Noun is a name of some particular person or place .
Note - Proper Noun are always written with a capital letter at the beginning .
Note - Proper Noun are sometimes used as Common Nouns ; as ,
......... He was the Lukman ( = the wisest man ) of his age .
......... Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare ( = the greatest dramatist ) of India .
Common Nouns include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns .
A Collective Noun is the name of a number ( or collection ) of persons or thing taken together and spoken of as one whole ; as ,
Crowd , mob , team , flock , herd , army , fleet , jury , family etc.
............... The police dispersed the crowd .
........ The French army was defeated at Waterloo .
An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality , action or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs ; as ,
Quality :- Goodness , kindness , darkness , brightness , honesty , wisdom , bravery .
Action :- Laughter , theft , movement , judgement , hatred .
State :- Childhood , boyhood , youth , slavery , sleep , sickness , poverty .
Abstract Nouns are formed -
(1) From Adjectives ; as ,.... Kindness from kind ; honesty from honest .
(2) From Verbs ; as ,.... Obedience from obey ; growth from grow .
(3) From Common Nouns ; as ,.... Childhood from child ; slavery from slave .
Words are divided into different kinds or classes , called Parts of Speech , according to their use ; that is , according to the work they do in a sentence .
The parts of Speech are eight in numbers :-
(1) NOUN :- A Noun is a word used as the name of a person , place , or thing ; as ,
......... Akbar was a great King .
.......... Calcutta is on the Hooghly .
......... The rose smells sweet .
......... His courage won him honour .
(2) ADJECTIVE :- An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun ; as ,
......... He is a brave boy .
.......... There are twenty boys in this class .
(3) PRONOUN :- A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ; as ,
......... John is absent , because he is ill .
.......... The books are where you left them .
(4) VERB :- A Verb is a used to say something about some person , place or thing ; as ,
.............. The girl wrote a letter to her cousin .
.............. Calcutta is a big town .
.............. Iron and copper are useful metals .
(5) ADVERB :- An Adverb is a word to add something to the meaning of a verb , an adjective , or another adverb ; as ,
........... He worked the sum quickly .
........... This flower is very beautiful .
........... She pronounced the word quiet correctly .
(6) PREPOSITION :- A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else ; as ,
............. There is a cow in the garden .
.............. The girl is fond of music .
.............. A fair little girl sat under a tree .
(7) CONJUNCTION :- A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences ; as ,
.......... Rama and Hari are cousins .
.......... I ran fast , but missed the train .
(8) INTERJECTION :- An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling ; as ,
.......... Hurrah ! we have won the game .
........... Alas ! she is dead .
Thus different parts of Speech are used , according to their use in the sentence .
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person , place or thing .
Look at the following sentence :-
........ Asoka was a wise king .
The noun Asoka refers to a particular king , but the noun king might be applied to any king as well as to Asoka .
We call Asoka a 'Proper Noun' , and king a 'Common Noun' .
Similarly:-
Sita is a Proper Noun , while girl is a Common Noun .
Hari is a Proper Noun , while boy is a Common Noun .
The word girl is a Common Noun because it is a name common to all the girls , while Sita is a Proper Noun because it is a name of a particular girl .
A Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of same class or kind. Common here means shared by all .
A Proper Noun is a name of some particular person or place .
Note - Proper Noun are always written with a capital letter at the beginning .
Note - Proper Noun are sometimes used as Common Nouns ; as ,
......... He was the Lukman ( = the wisest man ) of his age .
......... Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare ( = the greatest dramatist ) of India .
Common Nouns include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns .
A Collective Noun is the name of a number ( or collection ) of persons or thing taken together and spoken of as one whole ; as ,
Crowd , mob , team , flock , herd , army , fleet , jury , family etc.
............... The police dispersed the crowd .
........ The French army was defeated at Waterloo .
An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality , action or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs ; as ,
Quality :- Goodness , kindness , darkness , brightness , honesty , wisdom , bravery .
Action :- Laughter , theft , movement , judgement , hatred .
State :- Childhood , boyhood , youth , slavery , sleep , sickness , poverty .
Abstract Nouns are formed -
(1) From Adjectives ; as ,.... Kindness from kind ; honesty from honest .
(2) From Verbs ; as ,.... Obedience from obey ; growth from grow .
(3) From Common Nouns ; as ,.... Childhood from child ; slavery from slave .
There are group of words which make sense , but say they do not make complete sense .
Such a group of words , which makes sense , but not complete sense , is called a Phrase .
In the following sentences , the groups of words in italics are phrases :-
........ The sun rises in the east
......... Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall
......... There came a giant to my door
......... It was sunset of great beauty
......... The tops of the mountains were covered with snow
......... Show me how to do it .
Examine the groups of words in the italics in the following sentences : -
....... He has a chain of gold .
....... He has a chain which is made of gold .
We recognise the first group of words as a Phrase .
The second group of words , unlike the phrase of gold , contains a Subject ( which ) and a Predicate ( is made of gold ) , is called a Clause .
In the following sentences , the groups of words in italics are Clauses :-
......... People who pay their debts are trusted .
......... We cannot start while it is raining .
........ I think that you have made a mistake .
There are group of words which make sense , but say they do not make complete sense .
Such a group of words , which makes sense , but not complete sense , is called a Phrase .
In the following sentences , the groups of words in italics are phrases :-
........ The sun rises in the east
......... Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall
......... There came a giant to my door
......... It was sunset of great beauty
......... The tops of the mountains were covered with snow
......... Show me how to do it .
Examine the groups of words in the italics in the following sentences : -
....... He has a chain of gold .
....... He has a chain which is made of gold .
We recognise the first group of words as a Phrase .
The second group of words , unlike the phrase of gold , contains a Subject ( which ) and a Predicate ( is made of gold ) , is called a Clause .
In the following sentences , the groups of words in italics are Clauses :-
......... People who pay their debts are trusted .
......... We cannot start while it is raining .
........ I think that you have made a mistake .
When we make a sentence -
(1) We name some person or thing ; and
(2) say something about that person or thing .
In other words , we must have a 'subject' to speak about and we must say or 'predicate' something about that subject.
Hence every subject has two parts -
(1) The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about . This is called the 'Subject' of the sentence .
(2) The part which tells something about the subject . This is called the 'Predicate' of the sentence ....
The Subject of a sentence usually comes first , but occasionally it is put after the Predicate ; as ,
......... Down went the Royal George
........... Sweet are the uses of adversity.
In Imperative sentences the Subject is left out ; as ,
.......... Sit down [ Here the Subject 'you' is understood .]
........... Thank him. [ Here too the Subject 'you' understood.]
When we make a sentence -
(1) We name some person or thing ; and
(2) say something about that person or thing .
In other words , we must have a 'subject' to speak about and we must say or 'predicate' something about that subject.
Hence every subject has two parts -
(1) The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about . This is called the 'Subject' of the sentence .
(2) The part which tells something about the subject . This is called the 'Predicate' of the sentence ....
The Subject of a sentence usually comes first , but occasionally it is put after the Predicate ; as ,
......... Down went the Royal George
........... Sweet are the uses of adversity.
In Imperative sentences the Subject is left out ; as ,
.......... Sit down [ Here the Subject 'you' is understood .]
........... Thank him. [ Here too the Subject 'you' understood.]
"THE SENTENCE"
1. When we speak or write we use words . We generally use these words in groups ; as ,
........Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
A group of words like this , which makes complete sense , is called a Sentence .
"KINDS OF SENTENCE"
2. Sentences are of four kinds:-
(1) Those which make statements or assertions ; as ,
........ Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
(2) Those which ask question ; as ,
.......... Where do you live ?
(3) Those which express commands , requests , or entreaties ; as ,
.............. Be quiet.
(4) Those which express strong feelings ; as ,
............ How very cold the night is !
.............. What a shame !
A sentence that makes statements or assertion is called a 'Declarative' or 'Assertive' sentence.
A sentence that asks a question is called an 'Interrogative' sentence .
A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an 'Imperative' sentence .
A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an 'Exclamatory' sentence .
"THE SENTENCE"
1. When we speak or write we use words . We generally use these words in groups ; as ,
........Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
A group of words like this , which makes complete sense , is called a Sentence .
"KINDS OF SENTENCE"
2. Sentences are of four kinds:-
(1) Those which make statements or assertions ; as ,
........ Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
(2) Those which ask question ; as ,
.......... Where do you live ?
(3) Those which express commands , requests , or entreaties ; as ,
.............. Be quiet.
(4) Those which express strong feelings ; as ,
............ How very cold the night is !
.............. What a shame !
A sentence that makes statements or assertion is called a 'Declarative' or 'Assertive' sentence.
A sentence that asks a question is called an 'Interrogative' sentence .
A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an 'Imperative' sentence .
A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an 'Exclamatory' sentence .